High transaction costs have been a thorn in the side of investors and developers for more than a decade and the issue became worse in 2021 after the emergence of decentralized finance (DeFi) and nonfungible tokens (NFT) led to record-high levels of activity across the cryptocurrency ecosystem.

As a way to reduce the fees charged by the Ethereum network, layer-2 and cross-chain bridges have been redesigned since the London hard fork. Celer is a layer-2 scaling solution which uses off-chain transaction processing to increase its network’s throughput. This has been evident in the last two weeks.